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Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook |
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Onset Rapid (15 min-2 h after ingestion) |
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| Symptoms | Cause | Prognosis |
| Nausea and abdominal discomfort,sometimes with diarrhea and vomiting | Unknown toxins from numerous genera | Rapid and complete recovery; serious cases may last 2-3 days and require fluid replacement |
| Excessive sweating, lacrimation,salivation beginning 15-30 min after ingestion | Muscarine from Clitocybe or Inocybe spp. | Complete recovery within approximately 2 h |
| Inebriation or hallucinations without drowsiness or sleep | Psilocybin from Psilocybe, Paneolus, Gymnopilus, Conocybe, or Pluteus spp. | Complete and spontaneous recovery within 5-10 h; may take up to 24 h with large doses |
| Delirium with sleepiness or coma developing within 1 or 2h after ingestion | ibotenic acid/muscimol from Amanita muscaria or A. pantherina | alternating periods of drowsiness and excitement for several h, followed by total recovery |
Onset Delayed (6 h-3 days after ingestion) | ||
| Symptoms | Cause | Prognosis |
| Feeling of abdominal fullness and severe headache about 6 h after ingestion, vomiting, no diarrhea | Gyromitrin and related hydrazones from Gyromitra esculenta and its relatives | Complete recovery within 2-6 days; may require correction of metabolic acidosis; some deaths have occurred due to liver failure |
| Persistent and violent vomiting, abdominal pain, profuse, watery diarrhea beginning around 12 h after ingestion | alpha-, beta-, and gamma-amanitins from Amanita phalloides and its relatives; Galerina autumnalis and its relatives; or Lepiota josserandii and its relatives | Apparent recovery a few hours after onset of symptoms, followed by a symptom-free period of 3-5 days, which precedes a period of jaundice, loss of strength, coma, and often death |
| Intense, burning thirst and frequent urination beginning 3-14 days after ingestion, followed by gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, pain in the limbs, spasms, and loss of consciousness | Orellanine from Cortinarius orellanus | Recovery (including recovery of renal function) may require several months in less severe cases; death from kidney failure may occur in severe cases |
Onset Conditional (within 72 h of ingestion) |
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| Symptoms | Cause | Prognosis |
| Flushing, palpitations, rapid heartbeat, rapid, labored breathing occur within 1/2 to 2 h after consuming alcohol, if alcohol was consumed within 72 h of mushroom ingestion | Coprine in Coprinus atramentarius | Recovery is spontaneous and complete within a few to several hours after onset of symptoms |
January 1992
Return to chapter 40, Mushroom Toxins.
